Farming Rice With Duck

	Aigamo ducks swimming in a rice paddy. Organic Growing Method Spreads Across Asia October 22, 2002 A method of rice farming that relies on ducks to eat insects and weeds has been in the news recently. The "aigamo method" of growing rice was developed in 1989 by Takao Furuno, a farmer in Fukuoka Prefecture, and it allows for the production of healthy and delicious rice while relying on less labor than previous methods. From its beginnings in Japan, it has made its way to rice-growing countries like South Korea, China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, and even to faraway Iran. Rice grown using this method is more resistant to typhoons and other problems, and some farmers who have begun using it have called it a "gift from God." Organic Rice The aigamo is a cross-breed of wild and domestic ducks. The aigamo method for growing rice involves releasing aigamo ducklings into a rice paddy about one or two weeks after the seedlings have been planted. Between 15 and 20 of these birds are needed for every 1,000 square meters of farmland. Also necessary is a shelter where the ducklings can rest and take refuge from rain. In order to protect them from dogs, cats, weasels, and crows, the field should be surrounded by an electric fence and protected from above by fishing line. The ducklings help the rice seedlings grow by eating both insects and weeds that get in the way. The farmer can then grow the rice without using pesticide or herbicide. He or she is also free from the back-breaking work of bending over to pull weeds by hand. The ducklings' droppings become an important source of natural fertilizer. In addition, they stir up the soil in the rice paddy with their feet and bills, a process that increases the oxygen content of the soil, making it more nutritious for the seedlings. And when it comes time to harvest the rice in the fall, the ducks have grown fat and can be sold for meat. By allowing farmers to grow crops organically and also raise ducks to sell as meat, the aigamo method really does kill two birds with one stone.
	Helping Farmers Financially In countries across Asia, where people are reflecting on the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the aigamo method of raising healthy and delicious rice is attracting attention, and many farmers have begun to use it. This method is beneficial from a cost standpoint in that farmers will no longer have to purchase expensive chemical fertilizers or pesticides. And the fact that extra money can be made when the fully grown ducks are sold off is another factor that many find appealing. The aigamo is a cross between the kamo (wild duck) and the ahiru (domestic duck). Because kamo are migratory, it was believed that using ahiru would be better for agriculture. According to some experts, though, aigamo have come to be used because they produce a large amount of tasty meat and are easier to obtain than ahiru. Furuno, the pioneer of the aigamo method of growing rice, has visited Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam in an effort to introduce the method. New technology and new ideas are being tried in various areas, and Japan has begun to receive feedback from the farmers themselves.

Making Farmwork Easier

Autonomous Rice Transplanter Uses GPS System

Rice is the staple food of Japan and the nation's most important crop, and it is planted all across the country at the beginning of summer. Unlike in the past, this is rarely done by hand these days, with rice transplanters that are ridden by people in broad use. But the environment surrounding Japanese rice production is changing as the number of people working in agriculture declines. In order to adapt to this new reality, scientists and engineers are working closely to develop rice planters that can function with minimal operation by human.

©National Agricultural Research Center

How It Works

The autonomous rice transplanter developed by the National Agricultural Research Center works, and it uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) in combination with an onboard position sensor. To be able to plant rice without a human operator onboard, the machine has to recognize the location and shape of the field. GPS is used for this, with the operator entering data for the four corners of the paddy into the machine's computer prior to planting.

However, the GPS signal sent from satellites to receivers mounted on automobiles and the like on the Earth's surface has generally a margin of error of about 10 meters due to such factors as moisture in the air. For this reason, the autonomous rice transplanter also uses a mobile phone to receive extremely precise electronic base-point data provided by the Geographical Survey Institute; this data has a margin of error of only 2 cm. The operator then decides on a route for the machine to take based on the coordinates of the four corners of the rice field and inputs that data into the computer. After the program is set, the autonomous rice transplanter is activated by remote control, and the machine moves into the rice field on its own and begins planting.

©National Agricultural Research Center

Multiple Innovations
Because a rice field has undulations, the machine at times will tilt to the left or right or to the front or back as accordingly, giving rise to the possibility that it may stray from its programmed route. In order to compensate for this, the computer applies data from the onboard position sensor to recalculate how far off it is from the set route. The computer then recalibrates and controls the drive wheels to minimize drift. Drift from the set route can be kept to less than 10 cm. The machine slows down and stops planting automatically as getting close to the edge of the rice field. It then makes a U-turn, carefully avoiding the seedlings it has just planted, and sets out on a new path.

Another remarkable innovation is the method how the machine actually plants seedlings. Previous models took several 30 cm by 60 cm nursery boxes containing rice seedlings and planted them in rows in the soil. This meant, however, that the machines would often need to be replenished when they reached the edge of the rice field. With the new type, rather than using nursery boxes, the autonomous rice transplanter uses "long-mat seedlings," which have been cultivated on a 6-meter-long mat made of unwoven cloth. Loaded with a wound bundle of six such mats, the autonomous rice transplanter can plant seedlings over an area of 300 square meters without being replenished.In addition to the autonomous rice transplanter, the National Agricultural Research Center is developing an unmanned combine and a field-surveying robot, with the ultimate aim of automating all aspects of work in rice fields in the future. (Web-Japan,October 2008)